Monographie - Ciprofloxacin lactate

Ultimo aggiornamento :
03/05/2024

Ciprofloxacin lactate

Struttura chimica

Nome commerciale

Trade names are indicative and excipients composition can be different depending on the country and manufacturers

Aristin C	Grecia
Baycip	Chile, Spagna, Svezia
Cepokab	Messico
Ciflosin	Turchia
Ciflox	Arabia Saudita, Francia
Cifloxin	Chile, Colombia, Malaysia
Cifoblas	Colombia
Cifran	India
Ciprine	India, Svizzera
Ciprinol	Croazia, Polonia, Romania
Ciprivax	Venezuela
Cipro	Canada, Stati Uniti d’America, Turchia
Ciprobay	Arabia Saudita, Croazia, Emirati Arabi Uniti, Germania, Slovenia, Ungheria
Ciprobid	India
Ciproflox	Messico
Ciprofloxacin	Austria, Canada, Danimarca, Finlandia, Germania, Gran Bretagna, Grecia, Italia, Norvegia, Paesi Bassi, Polonia, Svezia, Ungheria
Ciprofloxacina	Argentina, Colombia, Portogallo, Romania, Venezuela
Ciprofloxacine	Belgio, Marocco, Svizzera
Ciprofloxacino	Chile, Colombia, Spagna
Ciprohexal	Germania
Ciproktan	Turchia
Cipromed	Croazia
Ciproxan	Giappone
Ciproxin	Australia, Austria, Gran Bretagna, Grecia, Italia, Svezia, Svizzera, Turchia
Ciproxina	Ecuador, Messico, Portogallo, Venezuela
Ciproxine	Belgio, Lussemburgo, Marocco, Svizzera
Ciproxino	Chile
Cisplatin
Citeral	Croazia
Estecina	Spagna
Ladinin	Malaysia
Nafloxin	Grecia
Proxacin	Polonia
Topistin	Grecia
Truoxin	Irlanda

Bibliografia : Ciprofloxacin lactate

	Tipo	Pubblicazione
3	Rivista	Trissel LA, Martinez JF. Compatibility of amifostine with selected drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1995 ; 52: 2208-2212.
14	Rivista	Gilbert DL, Trissel LA, Martinez JF. Compatibility of ciprofloxacin lactate with sodium bicarbonate during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1997 ; 54: 1193-1195.
59	Rivista	Trissel LA, Gilbert DL, Martinez JF, Kim MC. Compatibility of remifentanil hydrochloride with selected drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1997 ; 54: 2192-2196.
91	Rivista	Lober CA, Dollard PA. Visual compatibility of gallium nitrate with selected drugs during Y-site injection. Am J Hosp Pharm 1993 ; 50: 1208-1210.
99	Rivista	Trissel LA, Martinez JF. Compatibility of aztreonam with selected drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1995 ; 52: 1086-1090.
182	Rivista	Trissel LA, Gilbert DL, Martinez JF. Compatibility of granisetron hydrochloride with selected drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1997 ; 54: 56-60.
186	Rivista	Swart EL, Mooren RAG, Van Loenen AC. Compatibility of midazolam hydrochloride and lorazepam with selected drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1995 ; 52: 2020-2022.
198	Rivista	Gayed AA, Kheshary PR, Hinkle RL. Visual compatibility of diltiazem injection with various diluents and medications during simulated Y-site injection. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1995 ; 52: 516-520.
249	Rivista	Trissel LA, Martinez JF. Compatibility of thiotepa (lyophilized) with selected drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1996 ; 53: 1041-1045.
251	Rivista	Trissel LA, Gilbert DL, Martinez JF. Compatibility of doxorubicin hydrochloride liposome injection with selected other drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1997 ; 54: 2708-2713.
261	Rivista	Percy LA, Rho JP. Visual compatibility of ciprofloxacin with selected components of total parenteral nutrient solutions during simulated Y-site injection. Am J Hosp Pharm 1993 ; 50: 715-716.
268	Rivista	Benjamin BE. Ciprofloxacin and sodium phosphate not compatible during actual Y-site injection. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1996 ; 53: 1850-1851.
269	Rivista	Trissel LA. Concentration-dependent precipitation of sodium bicarbonate with ciprofloxacin lactate. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1996 ; 53: 84-85.
285	Rivista	Elmore RL, Contois ME, Kelly J, Noe A, Poirier A. Stability and compatibility of admixtures of intravenous ciprofloxacin and selected drugs. Clin Ther 1996 ; 18: 246-255.
288	Rivista	Cervenka P, Dejong DJ, Butler BL, Monzingo MD. Visual compatibility of injectable ciprofloxacin lactate with selected injectable drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Hosp Pharm 1992 ; 27: 957-958,961-962.
289	Rivista	Jim LK. Physical and chemical compatibility of intravenous ciprofloxacin with other drugs. Ann Pharmacotherapy 1993 ; 27: 704-707.
299	Rivista	Trissel LA, Martinez JF, Gilbert DL. Compatibility of cisatracurium besylate with selected drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1997 ; 54: 1735-1741.
300	Rivista	Trissel LA, Gilbert DL, Martinez JF. Compatibility of propofol injectable emulsion with selected drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1997 ; 54: 1287-1292.
301	Rivista	Trissel LA, Gilbert DL, Martinez JF, Baker MB, Walter WV, Mirtallo JM. Compatibility of parenteral nutrient solutions with selected drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1997 ; 54: 1295-1300.
315	Rivista	Bahal SM, Lee TJ, McGinnes M, Dobler GL. Visual compatibility of warfarin sodium injection with selected medications and solutions. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1997 ; 54: 2599-2600.
434	Rivista	Goodwin SD, Nix DE, Heyd A, Wilton JH. Compatibility of ciprofloxacin injection with selected drugs and solutions. Am J Hosp Pharm 1991 ; 48: 2166-2171.
479	Rivista	Min DI, Brown T, HWang GC. Visual compatibility of tacrolimus with commonly used drugs during simulated Y-site injection. Am J Hosp Pharm 1992 ; 49: 2964-2966.
500	Rivista	Tucker DR, Sieradzan R. Visual compatibility of ciprofloxacin lactate with five broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents during simulated Y-site injection. Am J Hosp Pharm 1988 ; 45: 1910-1911.
604	Laboratorio	Stabilité des médicaments dans l'Intermate® SV50, 100, 200 Baxter 1998
666	Rivista	Mathew M, Das Gupta V, Zerai T. Stability of ciprofloxacin in 5% dextrose and normal saline injections. J Clin Pharm Ther 1994 ; 19: 261-262.
905	Rivista	Trissel LA, Martinez JF. Screening teniposide for Y-site physical incompatibilities. Hosp Pharm 1994 ; 29: 1010-1017.
921	Rivista	Trissel LA, Gilbert DL, Martinez JF. Incompatibility and compatibility of amphotericin B cholesteryl sulfate complex with selected other drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Hosp Pharm 1998 ; 33: 284-292.
948	Rivista	Tiefenbacher EM, Haen E, Przybilla B, Kurz H. Photodegradation of some quinolones used as antimicrobial therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 1994 ; 83: 463-467.
1357	Rivista	Janknegt R, Schrouff GGM, Hooymans PM, Hermens WJHH, Lohman JJHM. Quinolones and penicillins incompatibility. Ann Pharmacotherapy 1989 ; 23: 91-92.
1392	Rivista	Lewis GM, Donnelly RF. Ampicillin and ciprofloxacin incompatibility. Can J Hosp Pharm 1999 ; 52: 90.
1393	Rivista	Lyall D, Blythe J. Ciprofloxacin lactate infusion. Pharm J 1987 ; 238: 290.
1410	Rivista	Trissel LA, Martinez JF, Simmons M. Compatibility of etoposide phosphate with selected drugs during simulated Y-site injection. J Am Pharm Assoc 1999 ; 39: 141-145.
1415	Rivista	Trissel L.A, Gilbert D.L, Martinez J.F, Baker M.B, Walter W.V, Mirtallo J.M. Compatibility of medications with 3-in-1 parenteral nutrition admixtures. JPEN 1999 ; 23: 67-74.
1423	Rivista	Trissel LA, Martinez JF, Gilbert DL. Compatibility of gemcitabine hyrochloride with 107 selected drugs during simulated Y-site injection. J Am Pharm Assoc 1999 ; 39: 514-518.
1500	Rivista	Melonakos TK. Ciprofloxacin-ampicillin sulbactam incompatibility. Ann Pharmacotherapy 1996 ; 30: 87.
1513	Laboratorio	Quinupristine / dalfopristine (Synercid®) - Résumé des caractéristiques du produit Monarch Pharmaceuticals Ireland 2006
1611	Rivista	Chalmers JR, Bobek MB, Militello MA. Visual compatibility of amiodarone hydrochloride injection with various intravenous drugs. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2001 ; 58: 504-506.
1614	Rivista	Trissel LA, Xu QA, Zhang Y, Saenz CA, Ingram DS. Stability of ciprofloxacin and vancomycin hydrochloride in autodose infusion system bags. Hosp Pharm 2001 ; 36: 1170-1173.
1625	Rivista	Trissel LA, Saenz C, Williams YW, Ingram D. Incompatibilities of lansoprazole injection with other drugs during simulated Y-site coadministration. Int J Pharm Compound 2001 ; 5: 314-321.
1668	Rivista	Zhang Y, Xu QA, Trissel LA, Williams KY. Compatibility and stability of linezolid injection admixed with three quinolone antibiotics. Ann Pharmacotherapy 2000 ; 34: 996-1001.
1712	Rivista	Trissel LA, Saenz CA. Compatibility screening of Precedex during simulated Y-site administration with other drugs. Int J Pharm Compound 2002 ; 6: 230-233.
1713	Rivista	Trissel LA, Saenz CA. Compatibility screening of bivalirudin during simulated Y-site administration with other drugs. Int J Pharm Compound 2002 ; 6: 311-315.
1721	Rivista	Trissel LA, Williams KY, Baker MB. Compatibility screening of Hextend during simulated Y-site administration with other drugs. Int J Pharm Compound 2001 ; 5: 69-72.
1754	Rivista	Trissel LA, Gilbert DL, Wolkin AC. Compatibility of docetaxel with selected drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Int J Pharm Compound 1999 ; 3: 241-244.
1758	Rivista	Lewis GM, Donelly RF. Ampicillin and ciprofloxacin incompatibility. Can J Hosp Pharm 1999 ; 52: 90.
1800	Rivista	Voytilla KL, Tyler LS, Rusho WJ. Visual compatibility of azithromycin with 24 commonly used drugs during simulated Y-site delivery. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2002 ; 59: 853-855.
1803	Rivista	Trissel, LA, Saenz CA, Ogundele OB, Ingram D, Baker MB. Compatibility of fenoldopam mesylate with other drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2003 ; 60: 80-85.
1925	Rivista	Trissel LA , Williams KY, Gilbert DL. Compatibility screening of linezolid injection during simulated Y-site administration with other drugs and infusion solutions. J Am Pharm Assoc 2000 ; 40: 515-519.
1953	Rivista	Trissel LA, Saenz CA, Ogundele AB, Ingram DS. Physical compatibility of pemetrexed disodium with other drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2004 ; 61: 2289-2293.
1982	Rivista	Trissel LA, Ogundele AB. Compatibility of anidulafungin with other drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2005 ; 62: 834-837.
2017	Rivista	Barker B, Feddema S, Rusho WJ, Dengg R. Visual compatibility of vasopressin with other injectable drugs. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2005 ; 62: 1969-1976.
2057	Rivista	Droste JC, Jeraj HA, MacDonald A, Farrington K. Stability and in vitro efficacy of antibiotic-heparin lock solutions potentially useful for treatment of central venous catheter-related sepsis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003 ; 51: 849-855.
2087	Rivista	Ferreira E, Forest JM, Hildgen P. Compatibility of dimenhydrinate injectable by Y administration. Pharmactuel 2004 ; 37: 17-20.
2090	Rivista	Pere H, Chasse V, Forest JM, Hildgen P. Compatibility of injectable pantoprazole in Y-site administration. Pharmactuel 2004 ; 37: 193-196.
2231	Rivista	de Jongh R, Hens R, Basma V, mouton JW, Tulkens PM, Carryn S. Continuous versus intermittent infusion of temocillin, a directed spectrum penicillin for intensive care patients with nosocomial pneumonia: stability, compatibility, population pharmacokinetic studies and breakpoint selection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008 ; 61, 2: 382-388.
2233	Rivista	Condie C.K, Tyler L.S, Barker B, Canann D.M. Visual compatibility of caspofungin acetate with commonly used drugs during simulated Y-site delivery Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2008 ; 65, 5: 454-457.
2247	Rivista	Chan P, Heatherly K, Kupiec T.C, Trissel L.A. Compatibility of caspofungin acetate injection with other drugs during simulated Y-site coadministration. Int J Pharm Compound 2008 ; 12, 3: 276-278.
2262	Rivista	Brammer MK, Chan P, Heatherly K, Trusley C, Kupiec TC, Trissel LA, Psathas PA, Gilmor T, Schaufelberger D. Compatibility of doripenem with other drugs during simulated Y-site administratioN Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2008 ; 65: 1261-1265.
2269	Rivista	Chan P, Bishop A, Kupiec TC, Trissel LA, Gole D, Jimidar IM, Vermeersch H. Compatibility of ceftobiprole medocaril with selected drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2008 ; 65, 16: 1545-1551.
2368	Rivista	Mawhinney WM, Adair CG, Gorman SP, McClurg B. Stability of ciprofloxacin in peritoneal dialysis solution Am J Hosp Pharm 1992 ; 49: 2956 - 2959.
3012	Rivista	Sullivan T, Forrest J.M, Leclair G. Compatibility of Cloxacillin Sodium with Selected Intravenous Drugs During Simulated Y-Site Administration Hosp Pharm 2015 ; 50, 3: 214-220.
3152	Rivista	Kumar A, Mann HJ. Visual compatibility of oritavancin diphosphate with selected coadministered drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2010 ; 67: 1640-1644.
3216	Rivista	Legris ME, Valiquette ME, Lavoie A, Forest JM, Leclair G. Compatibilité physique par évaluation visuelle du salbutamol injectable lors de son administration en Y. Pharmactuel 2011 ; 44, 1 : 14-18
3231	Rivista	Donnelly RF. Stability of Ciprofloxacin in Polyvinylchloride Minibags. Can J Hosp Pharm 2011 ; 64, 4 : 252-256.
3249	Rivista	Singh BM, Dedhiya MG, Dinunzio J, Chan P, Kupiec TC, Trissel LA, Laudano JB. Compatibility of ceftaroline fosamil for injection with selected drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2011 ; 68: 2163-2169.
3254	Rivista	Housman S.T, Tessier P.R, Nicolau D.P, Kuti J.L. Physical compatibility of telavancin hydrochloride with select i.v. drugs during simulated Y-site administration Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2011 ; 68: 2265-2270.
3385	Rivista	Raverdi V, Ampe E, Hecq JD, Tulkens PM. Stability and compatibility of vancomycin for administration by continuous infusion. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013 ; 68: 1179-1182.
3408	Rivista	Tollec S, Touzin K, Pelletier E, Forest J.M. Evaluation visuelle de la compatibilité physique de la naloxone avec d’autres médicaments intraveineux usuels. Pharmactuel 2013 ; 46, 1 : 16-21.
3475	Rivista	Chen L.Y, Chen J, Waters V, Boodhan S. Incompatibility of ciprofloxacin and meropenem injections. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2013 ;70:1966-1970.
3526	Laboratorio	Clindamycin (Dalacin®) - Summary of Product Characteristics Pharmacia 2010
3529	Laboratorio	Ciprofloxacin – Summary of Product Characteristics Hospira 2013
3540	Laboratorio	Heparin sodium - Summary of Product Characteristics. Wockhardt 2010
3728	Rivista	Correard F, Savry A, Gauthier-Villano L, Pisano P, Pourroy B. Visual compatibility of defibrotide with selected drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2014 ; 71: 1288-1291.
3766	Rivista	Forrest J.M, Hildgen P. Compatibilité de l’acétylcystéine injectable lors de son administration en Y avec d’autres médicaments usuels Pharmactuel 2014 ; 47, 3 : 161-165.
3767	Rivista	Legris M.E, Lavoie A, Forrest J.M, Hildgen P. Compatibilité par évaluation visuelle du thiopental injectable lors de son administration en Y avec des médicaments usuels. Pharmactuel 2014 ; 47, 3 : 167-172.
3791	Poster	Sadou Yaye H, Burtet E, Hamel C, Aljhni R, Gard C, Tilleul P. Étude de la compatibilité physico-chimique du phloroglucinol injectable durant les mélanges au sein des tubulures en Y. Apifh Congress, Paris November 2014 2014
3824	Rivista	Boudi S, Roy H, Forest JM, Leclair G. Compatibilité physique de l'association amoxicilline-acide clavulanique en injection avec plusieurs autres médicaments lors d'une administration en Y. Pharmactuel 2023 2023;56,3:91-98
3827	Poster	Ghazi I.M, Hamada Y, Nicolau D.P. Compatibility of tedizolid phosphate with selected intravenous drugs via simulated Y-site conditions. ASHP Midyear 2015
3828	Poster	Thabit A.K, Hamada Y, Nicolau D.P. Ceftozolane/tazobactam physical compatibility during simulated Y-site administration. ASHP Midyear 2015
3829	Poster	So W, Kim L, Thabit A.K, Nicolau D.P, Kuti J.L. Compatibility of isavunazonium sulfate during simulated Y-site administration. ASHP Midyear 2015
3879	Rivista	Foushee Jaime A, Meredith Pmichaele, Fox Laura M, Grace Edward E. Y-site Physical Compatibility of Beta-blocker Infusions with Intensive Care Unit Admixtures. Int J Pharm Compound 2016 ; 20, 4 : 328-332.
3883	Laboratorio	Ceftazidime - Résumé des caractéristiques du produit Arrow 2016
3964	Rivista	Audet M.A, Forest E, Friciu M, Forest J.M, Leclair G. Compatibilité du citrate de caféine injectable avec plusieurs autres médicaments. Pharmactuel 2017 ; 50,1 : 27-33.
3976	Rivista	Du Repaire T, Vigne P, Guedon A, Gauthier-Villano L, Bertault Peres P, Pourroy B. Visual compatibility of blinatumomab with selected co-administrated drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2017 ; 74,16 : 1217-1218
3985	Poster	Manai M., Soussi M.A., Lazreg O., Drira C., Ben Tekaya S. et Razgallah Khrouf M. Compatibilité physique entre médicaments injectables et nutrition parentérale pédiatrique : Evaluation in-vitro. Hopipharm Congress 2017 - Nancy 2017
4055	Rivista	Monogue M, Almarzoky Abuhussain S, Kuti J, Nicolau D. Physical compatibility of fosfomycin for injection with select i.v. drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2018 , 75, 1:36-44
4145	Rivista	Asempa T.E, Avery L.M, Kidd J.M, Kuti J.L, Nicolau D.P. Physical compatibility of plazomicin with select i.v. drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2018 ;75,14:1048-1056
4263	Rivista	Kane MP, Bailie GR, Moon DG, Siu I. Stability of ciprofloxacin injection in peritoneal dialysis solutions. Am J Hosp Pharm 1994 ;51:373-377
4319	Rivista	Lessard J-J, Caron E, Schérer H, Forest J-M, Leclair G. Compatibility of Y-site Injection of Meropenem Trihydrate With 101 Other Injectable Drugs. Hosp Pharm 2020 ; 55, 5: 332-337.
4380	Laboratorio	Posaconazole (Noxafil®) - Summary of Product Characteristics Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited 2019
4434	Rivista	Avery L.M, Chen, I.H, Reyes, S, Nicolau, D.P, Kuti J.L. Assessment of the Physical Compatibility of Eravacycline and Common Parenteral Drugs During Simulated Y-site Administration. Clin Ther 2019 ; 41, 10: 2162-2170.
4440	Rivista	Omotani S, Aoe M, Esaki S, Nagai K, Hatsuda Y, Mukai J, Teramachi H, Myotoku M. Compatibility of Intravenous Fat Emulsion with Antibiotics for Secondary Piggyback Infusion. Ann Nutr Metab 2018 ; 73: 227-233.
4441	Rivista	Gostynska, A, Stawny M, Dettlaff K, Jelinska A. The Interactions between Ciprofloxacin and Parenteral Nutrition Admixtures. Pharmaceutics 2020 ; 12, 27
4460	Rivista	Kussmann M, Ferth A, Obermüller M, Pichler P, Zeitlinger M, Wiesholzer , Burgmann H, Poeppl W, Reznicek G. Compatibility of ciprofloxacin with commercial peritoneal dialysis solutions. Scientific reports 2019 9:6512
4465	Rivista	Foushee A, Meredith P, Fox Laura, Wilder A. Y-site physical compatibility of hydrocortisone continuous infusions with admixtures used in critically ill patients. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2020 ;77,14:1144-1148
4470	Rivista	Claeysoone K, Basma V, Hens R, Van Bambeke F, de Jongh R, Tulkens P. Continuous versus intermittent infusion of temocillin in intensive care unit patient. Critical care 2005 ; 9(Suppl 1) P37
4528	Rivista	Lu J, Liu Q, Kupiec T, Vail H, Lunch L, Fam D, Vu N. Physical Compatibility of Cefiderocol with Selected Intravenous Drugs During Simulated Y-site Administration. Int J Pharm Compound 2021 ;25,1:52-61
4538	Rivista	Campbell A, Petrovski M, Senarathna G, Mukadam ,Strunk T, Batty K. Compatibility of pentoxifylline and parenteral medications. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2020 ; 105: 395-397.
4550	Rivista	Semark, A.J, Venkatesh, K, McWhinney B.C, Pretorius, C, Roberts, J.A, Cohen J, Venkatesh B. The compatibility of a low concentration of hydrocortisone sodium succinate with selected drugs during a simulated Y-site administration. Crit Care Resusc 2013 ;15, 1: 63–66.
4603	Rivista	Vallée M, Barthélémy I, Friciu M, Pelletier E, Forest J.M, Benoit F, Leclair G. Compatibility of Lactated Ringer’s Injection With 94 Selected Intravenous Drugs During Simulated Y-site Administration. Hosp Pharm 2021 ; 56, 4: 228-234.
4650	Laboratorio	Ceftobiprole (Zevtera 500 mg powder for concentrate for solution for infusion.) Summary of Product Characteristics, Advanz Pharma updated 4 aug 2021. Advanz Pharma 2021
4654	Poster	Sicard G, Donnette M, Martin N, Gensollen S, Pourroy B, Fanciullino R. Compatibilité visuelle du Vyxeos® lors d'administration en Y avec une sélection de médicaments injectables. Communication personnelle 2021
4742	Rivista	Macoviciuc M, Nguyen C, Forest J-M, Leclair G. Compatibilité physique de l’acétaminophène injectable avec 102 autres médicaments lors d’une administration en Y. Pharmactuel 2022 ; 55, 4: 247-255.

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